DHRUPAD & KHAYAL ----- TWO HINDUSTANI CLASSICAL FORMS

Dhrupad and Khayal ---- both of these forms were included as court music. Raja Maan Singh Tomar, the king of Gwalior (from 1485 - 1516 AD) along with the court musician Nayak Bakhsoo and others like Nayak Bhanu , Nayak Lohang enabled to shape the unique style and 'Dhrupad' was established. Dhrupad claims the first classical music form in the Royal Court, though moderation of Khayal gayaki started earlier. In the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shahjahan the form of Khayal was promoted to court music.

The origin of the word 'Khayal' is Arabic, which means imagination, quality, aristocrat, classic etc. In the evolution of Khayal, there were three stages. The first stage was modified by Amir Khusro (from 1253 AD to 1324 AD) and his followers. These lyric based songs were sung with medium and fast tempo. This type of music was the eulogy of the Mohammad with a typical embellishment of notes known as 'Fikraband (quick movement of swaras). Another modification by Sultan Hussain Sah Sharki of Jaunpur (middle of 15th century), was known as 'Chutkal Khayal'. Lastly, the exponent
of Seni gharana and court musician of the Emperor Mohammad Shah (from 1719 AD to 1748 AD) Sah Sadarang, pseudo name of Ustad Niyamat Khan, introduced 'Kalavanti Khayal' which was vilambit (slow tempo) comparatively with the aforesaid styles. Present Khayal Gayaki is much influenced by the latest style. Tabla is used as the accompanying instrument and Ektaal, Teentaal, Tilwada, Jhumra, Adachautaal, Jhaptaal, Rupak etc. are used in Khayal.

Let's have a look on the other form of Hindustani Classical Vocal Music. Dhrupad generally consists of four stanzas named 'Sthai', 'Antara', 'Sanchari' and 'Aabhog' and talas like 'Chautaal', 'Jhaptaal', 'Sultaal', 'Tivra' etc. are used. Pakhawaj is the accompanying instrument here. 'Alaap', the essential part of this form helps an artist to reveal the actual character and sentiment of the raga. Shruti (micro tone) 'Meend', 'Gamaka' and several alankars (embellishment) are used in this singing. 'Bolbaat' (distribution of syllable/words) and 'Layakaari' (variation of chhanda) are used in the rendition of the Vandish (composition).

Till 14th century all compositions bound with raga and tala were called 'Pada'. Ancient 'Dhruba-Pada' under 'Salagasuda' Prabandha (type/class of Prabandha) resulted into Dhrupad through evolution for many years. On those period 'Baan' or 'Baani' was in vogue and that character was of four types. They were 'Gaurhaar', 'Khandahaar', 'Daagur' and 'Nauhaar' ---- special musical character or articulation of the regions Gwalior, Rajasthan, Delhi and Punjab respectively. With the raise of the 'Gharanas' and slow abolition of 'Baans' a new trend appeared in Hindustani Classical Vocal Music which is called 'Gayaki', speciality of gharana.

Source: http://www.artipot.com/articles/1327704/dhrupad-khayal-two-hindustani-classical-forms.htm

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